ABSTRACT
Resumen. Objetivo. Analizar la eficacia del personal voluntario y profesional que asiste en emergencias (Bomberos Voluntarios, Defensa Civil, Cruz Roja) en un programa de entrenamiento en la Primera Ayuda Psicológica y su relación con indicadores de empatía y estrategias de afrontamiento. Método. Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, comparativo correlacional, con una muestra de 198 voluntarios que pertenecen a instituciones que intervienen en emergencias. Se utilizó un programa de simulación sobre respuestas a víctimas de catástrofes (Sistema Interactivo de Primera Ayuda Psicológica y el Inventario de Valoración y Afrontamiento). Resultados. Los voluntarios que expresan que manejan mejor una situación estresante lograban un rendimiento más eficaz en el programa de simulación. La valoración del contexto como amenazante o indiferente, perjudicaba la ejecución del protocolo de PAP propuesto en la ejercitación mediante software.
Abstract. Objective. To analyze the effectiveness of volunteer and professional personnel who assist in emergencies (Volunteer Firefighters, Civil Defense, Red Cross) in a Psychological First Aid training program and its relationship with indicators of empathy and coping strategies. Method. A quantitative, comparative, and co-relational study was carried out with a sample of 198 volunteers belonging to institutions that intervene in emergencies. A simulation program on responses to victims of catastrophes was used, Interactive System in Psychological First Aid and the Coping Strategies Inventory. Results. Volunteers, who state that handle better stressful situations, achieve a more effective performance in the simulation program. The assessment of the context as threatening or indifferent impaired the execution of the proposed PFA protocol using software.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Volunteers/psychology , Adaptation, Psychological , Emergency Responders , Argentina , Inservice TrainingABSTRACT
El Cuerpo de Bomberos es una fuerza de protección para la ciudadanía de un país que por su rol y función, reviste vital importancia para la comunidad. Este estudio indaga la relación entre la Motivación, conceptualizada como una variable orientadora de la conducta y los Valores relativos al Trabajo, considerados como guías en la vida laboral de los bomberos de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (Argentina). Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, correlacional y de diferencia de grupos, cuya muestra estuvo integrada por 130 bomberos (25 mujeres y 105 varones), de los cuales 67 eran económicamente remunerados y 63 eran voluntarios. La edad promedio fue de 32.32 años. Se administró la Escala de Motivación en el Trabajo (adaptación al idioma español de Gagné et al., 2012) y la Escala Revisada de Valores relativos al Trabajo de Porto y Pilati (2010, adaptación argentina de Moreno & Marcaccio, 2012). Se halló que los bomberos motivados extrínsecamente atribuyen de modo autónomo y deliberado significados a sus acciones basándose en valores de logro personal, en la propia autopercepción de competencia y, sobre todo, de utilidad social (i.e., Altruismo), por lo que su labor resulta acorde a sus expectativas de bienestar personal, y a la vez procura mejorar la vida de sus pares sociales.
The Fire Department is a protection force for the citizens of a country. Because of its role and function, it is of vital importance to the community. This study investigates the relationship between Motivation, conceptualized as a guiding variable of behavior, and Work Values, considered as guides in the career of firefighters of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires (Argentina). A descriptive, correlational and group difference study was carried out with a sample of 130 firefighters (25 women and 105 men), of whom 67 were paid and 63 were volunteers. The average age was 32.32 years. The Work Motivation Scale (adapted to Spanish by Gagné et al., 2012) and the Revised Scale of Work Values by Porto and Pilati (2010, Argentine adaptation by Moreno and Marcaccio, 2012) were used. It was found that extrinsically-motivated firefighters confer, autonomously and deliberately, significance to their actions based on values such as personal achievement, self-perceived competence and, above all, social utility (i.e., Altruism). Consequently, their work complies with their expectations of personal wellbeing and, at the same time, is aimed at improving the life of their social peers.
ABSTRACT
Los llamados modelos duales proponen dos tipos de procesamiento de la información, relacionados con los modos de tomar decisiones emocionales y racionales. La investigación realizada se focalizó en el estudio de la toma de decisión en soldados para el mantenimiento de la paz (i.e., Cascos Azules). Ellos integran el personal militar que envía la Organización Naciones Unidas (ONU) para mantener la paz y brindar ayuda humanitaria en zonas de conflicto. Se empleó un diseño factorial 2x2x2, con las variables independientes: modalidad decisoria, entrenamiento como soldado para la paz y saturación cultural de la situación observada, y con la variable dependiente respuesta de intervención en la situación observada. Según las reglas de la ONU, no se debería intervenir en las situaciones multiculturales presentadas en este estudio. Se corroboraron tres hipótesis: (a) la toma de decisión basada en el procesamiento racional de la información en comparación con la toma de decisión basada en el procesamiento afectivo / emocional, lleva a no intervenir, (b) los expertos en misiones militares de paz internacionales (i.e., militares con entrenamiento de casco azul) en comparación con los inexpertos (i.e., militares sin dicho entrenamiento) realizan menos intervenciones y (c) la alta saturación de elementos culturales de las escenas en comparación a las escenas de baja saturación de elementos culturales lleva a realizar menor cantidad de intervenciones. Adicionalmente, se halló que la tendencia individual a tomar decisiones racionales urgentes está asociada negativamente con el tiempo de reacción. Se discuten los resultados en relación al marco de las teorías duales.
The so called dual models that emerged in the70s suggest that there are two types of information processing with opposite characteristics to one another and are related to ways of making emotional and rational decisions. This research focused on the study of emotional and rational peace keepers' decision making. Peace keepers are military personnel that participate in United Nations Organization (UN) international forces in order to be deployed in conflict zones around the world to maintain peace and to provide humanitarian aid. In these missions, peacekeepers' behavior is ruled by codes which are committed to ensuring the highest standards of conduct in UN military operations. According to these UN rules, servicemen should not intervene in situations of not obvious risk or no imminent physical harm to civilians of the local population. It is worth noting that inappropriate peacekeepers ´interventions can have serious negative consequences in the mission. Consequently, in the predeployment stage peacekeepers are trained by qualified military personnel with core operational and cultural information related the country where they are going to be deployed to have an effective performance during their duty. At the moment of our research, Argentinian peacekeepers were deployed in Haiti. The objective of this study was to study the effects of the emotional / rational decision-making mode, the Argentine's soldiers training as peacekeeper, and the level of cultural saturation in the observed situations; over the decision to intervene in multicultural situations. For this study, a piece of software called SITDE with a series of audible videos that reflect different situations related to the UN peacekeeper mission was used. There were two SITDE versions that differed from each other due to the level of cultural representation. One version contains a set of videos with high typical Haitian´s cultural saturation. The other version, a set of homologous videos related to the other series, includes scenes with fewer aspects of Haitian´s elements. After watching each video participants had to decide whether to intervene or not to intervene in the observed scenes. They should report its decision by clicking on a screen displaying two buttons with the corresponding decision. The software recorded the participant's response and the response time of each scene. This study sought to corroborate three hypotheses about peacekeepers' decision making on culturally diverse scenes in which they had no danger of imminent attack: (a) decision making based on rational information processing compared to decision making based on affective / emotional processing leads to not intervene; (b) military experts in international peace missions (i.e., military with UN training) compared to the inexperienced (military with no UN training) make fewer interventions and (c) the high saturation of cultural elements of the scenes compared to scenes of low saturation of cultural elements leads to make fewer interventions. The hypotheses were verified through a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design. The 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design included the independent variables decision making modality, training as peace -keepers, and cultural saturation of the observed situation; and the dependent variable intervention in the observed situation. The military personnel´s decision-making was manipulated by differentiated instruction, and the cultural saturation of scenes was manipulated by the use of the two SITDE versions. Additionally, it has been analyzed the relationship between the individual trend to the emotional / rational decision-making and relevant variables. It was found that the individual trend to the rational decision making in urgent situations is negatively associated to the reaction time. The results are discussed related to the frame of the dual theories.
ABSTRACT
Es sabido que para el logro de acciones eficaces, en contextos caracterizados por la diversidad cultural y la incertidumbre, se requieren estrategias decisorias que impliquen procesamiento de modalidad intuitiva o analítica, según las circunstancias (Azzollini, Torres, Depaula, Clotet & Nistal, 2010). El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar experimentalmente si existen diferencias en los modos de procesamiento de la información y la eficacia a la hora de tomar decisiones, en función de la edad de los sujetos. Se evaluó la modalidad de procesamiento decisoria y la efectividad de las decisiones tomadas por 116 soldados voluntarios de distintas edades, en diferentes situaciones en las que se manipuló experimentalmente el grado de incertidumbre cultural. Los resultados indican que los sujetos con mayor edad presentan una clara tendencia hacia el uso de procesos predominantemente intuitivos en la toma de decisiones (F=3.473, p=0.034), con una pérdida marginalmente significativa de la eficacia (F=3.045, p=0.052).
It is known that to achieve effective action in contexts characterized by cultural diversity and uncertainty, decision-making strategies are needed that involve processing or analytical intuitive mode, depending on circumstances (Azzollini, Torres, Depaula, Clotet & Nistal, 2010). The objective of this study was to determine experimentally whether there are differences in the ways of processing information and efficiency in decision making, depending on the age of the subjects. It's been evaluated the mode of processing and determining the effectiveness of decisions made by 116 volunteer soldiers of different ages, in different situations in which they experimentally manipulated the level of cultural uncertainty. The results indicate that older subjects show a clear trend towards the use of predominantly intuitive processes in decision-making (F=3,473, p=0.034), with a marginally significant loss of eficacy (F=3,045, p=0.052).